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<p style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; margin:0px 0px 1rem; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'>How do people in your city get to the grocery store? The answer to that question depends on the person and where they live. This layer helps answer the question and is also used <a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://geoxc-apps2.bd.esri.com/LivingAtlas/GroceryAccess/index.html' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>in this app.</a></p><p><span style='display:inherit; max-width:100%;'>This layer contains all census block centroids in the U.S. from the 2020 Census. It contains data for all 50 states, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Additional fields contain the number of grocery stores that can be reached within a 10 minute walk or drive as of September 2024.</span></p><p style='margin-bottom:0.75rem; margin-top:0px; max-width:100%;'><span style='display:inherit; max-width:100%;'>It includes attribute fields that give the count of grocery stores that fall within ten minutes' walk of one or more grocery stores. The results of this nationwide analysis show that an estimated 20% of U.S. population live within a 10 minute walk of a grocery store, and 90% of the population live within a 10 minute drive of a grocery store. The layer of 8 million+ block centroids is suitable for looking at access at a neighborhood scale.</span></p><div><div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>When you add this layer to your web map, along with the </span><a style='color:rgb(0, 94, 149); font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=774349a663eb4f0496f5b14cd9879188' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>walkable access layer</a>,<span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'> </span><a target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3afdbb6bb3344573ae9a56db939b7bda' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>drivable access layer</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'> and the </span><a target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=9f683c89b0e944a4bddd76db4ec33323' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>SafeGraph grocery store layer</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>, i</span><span style='font-family:inherit;'>t becomes easier to spot grocery stores that sit within a highly populated area, and grocery stores that sit in a shopping center far away from populated areas. Add this layer to a web map to show a popup with the count of stores within 10 minutes" walk and drive. </span></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><img style='height:auto; max-width:100%;' src='https://urbanobservatory.maps.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/content/items/2b70cbffb1b54772acb4dbfaf6c1c945/data' alt='Sample map of Memphis' /><br /> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>This view of a city begins to hint at the question: how many people have each type of access to grocery stores? And, what if they are unable to walk a mile regularly, or don"t own a car?</div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-size:large;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><strong>How to Use This Layer in a Web Map</strong></font></span></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>Use this layer in a web map to introduce the concepts of access to grocery stores in your city or town. This is the kind of map where people will want to look up their home or work address to validate what the map is saying. <span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>See this </span><a target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=f91b8de5e34644989196c6a81098e398' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>example web map</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'> </span>which you can use in your projects, storymaps, apps and dashboards.</div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>The layer was built with that use in mind. Many maps of access use straight-line, as-the-crow-flies distance, which ignores real-world barriers to walkability like rivers, lakes, interstates and other characteristics of the built environment. Block analysis using a network data set and Origin-Destination analysis factors these barriers in, resulting in a more realistic depiction of access.</div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div><p style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; margin:0in; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>Lastly, this layer can serve as backdrop to other community resources, like food banks, farmers markets and </span></span><span style='background-color:rgb(255,255,255); color:rgb(74,74,74); font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'>transit (</span></span><a style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:left; text-decoration:none; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=6be77dd1081a43c0865282cad76718ab' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>example</span></span></a><span style='background-color:rgb(255,255,255); color:rgb(74,74,74); font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'>).</span></span><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'> Add a transit layer to immediately gauge its impact on the population"s grocery access. You can also use this map to see how it relates to communities of concern. Add a layer of any block group or tract demographics, such as Percent Senior Population (</span></span><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/en/browse/#d=3&q=percent%20senior%20population' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>examples</span></span></a><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>), or Percent of Households with Access to 0 Vehicles (</span></span><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/en/browse/#d=3&q=no%20vehicle' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>examples</span></span></a><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; font-stretch:inherit !important; line-height:1.5; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>).</span></span></p><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>The layer is a useful visual resource for helping community leaders, business and government leaders see their town from the perspective of its residents, and begin asking questions about how their community could be improved.</div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-size:large;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><strong>Data sources</strong></font></span></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>Population data is from the 2020 U.S. Census blocks. Each census block has a count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive. Census blocks known to be unpopulated are given a score of 0. <span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>The layer is </span><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=7c2e774415ff49b8b6034b428f83fe6c' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>available as a hosted feature layer</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>.</span></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div></div><div><div><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Grocery store locations are from </span><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.safegraph.com' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>SafeGraph</span></a><span style='font-family:inherit;'>, reflecting what was in the dat</span>a as of September 2024. <a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis-marketplace/products?s=Newest&q=safegraph' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Download a free sample POI dataset from SafeGraph here.</a></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'>For this project, <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-streetmap-premium/overview' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>ArcGIS StreetMap Premium</a> was used for the street network in the origin-destination analysis work, because it already has the necessary attributes on each street segment to identify which streets are considered walkable, and supports a wide variety of driving parameters.</div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'>The <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=774349a663eb4f0496f5b14cd9879188' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>walkable access layer</a> and <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3afdbb6bb3344573ae9a56db939b7bda' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>drivable access layers</a> are rasters, whose colors were chosen to allow the drivable access layer to serve as backdrop to the walkable access layer. </div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div></div></div><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:inherit; font-size:large;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'><strong>Data Preparation</strong></span></font></span></p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-network-analyst/overview' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>ArcGIS Network Analyst</span></span></a><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'> was used to set up a network street layer for analysis. </span></span><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-streetmap-premium/overview' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>ArcGIS StreetMap Premium</span></span></a><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'> was installed to a local hard drive and selected in the Origin-Destination workflow as the network data source. This allows the origins (Census block centroids) and destinations (SafeGraph grocery stores) to be connected to that network, to allow origin-destination analysis.</span></span><br /> </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>The </span><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=7c2e774415ff49b8b6034b428f83fe6c' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Census blocks layer</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'> </span>contains the centroid of each Census block. The data allows a simple popup to be created. This layer"s block figures can be summarized further, to tract, county and state levels.</p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><p style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; margin:0in; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'>The SafeGraph grocery store locations were provided by SafeGraph. The source data included NAICS code 445110 and 452311 as an initial screening. The CSV file was imported using the Data Interoperability geoprocessing tools in ArcGIS Pro, where a definition query was applied to the layer to exclude any records that were not grocery stores. The final layer used in the analysis had approximately 63,000 records. In this map, this layer is included as <a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=9f683c89b0e944a4bddd76db4ec33323' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>a vector tile layer</a>.</p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><div style='font-family:inherit;'><p><span style='font-size:large;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><strong>Methodology</strong></font></span> </p><div style='font-family:inherit;'><p style='margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>Every census block in the U.S. was assigned two access scores, whose numbers are simply how many grocery stores are within a 10 minute walk and a 10 minute drive of that census block. Every census block has a score of 0 (no stores), 1, 2 or more stores. The count of accessible stores was determined using Origin-Destination Analysis in ArcGIS Network Analyst, in ArcGIS Pro. </span></span><br /> </p><p style='margin:0in;'>A set of <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=ba414ff5d2894d9d9f84c19d381a6085' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Tools in this ArcGIS Pro package</a> allow a similar analysis to be conducted for any city or other area. The Tools step through the data prep and analysis steps. Download the Pro package, open it and substitute your own layers for Origins and Destinations. Parcel centroids are a suggested option for Origins, for example. </p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'><a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/analysis/networks/od-cost-matrix-tutorial.htm' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Origin-Destination analysis</a> was configured, using <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-streetmap-premium/overview' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>ArcGIS StreetMap Premium</a> as the network data source. Census block centroids with population greater than zero were used as the Origins, and grocery store locations were used as the Destinations. </p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'>A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Walk Time option. Only one restriction was applied to the street network: Walkable, which means Interstates and other non-walkable street segments were treated appropriately. You see the results in the map: wherever freeway overpasses and underpasses are present near a grocery store, the walkable area extends across/through that pass, but not <i>along</i> the freeway.</p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'>A cutoff of 10 minutes was used with the Drive Time option. The default restrictions were applied to the street network, which means a typical vehicle"s access to all types of roads was factored in.</p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'>The results for each analysis were captured in a Lines layer, which shows which origins are within the 10 minute cutoff of each destination over the street network, given the assumptions about that network (walking, or driving a vehicle). The Lines layer is not published but is used to count how many stores each origin has access to over the road network.</p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'><img style='height:auto; max-width:100%;' src='https://urbanobservatory.maps.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/content/items/00cf35e2e76c4be4bcd8831a0ce45165/data' alt='Sample lines map' /></p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><p style='margin:0in;'>The Lines layer was then summarized by census block ID to capture the Maximum value of the Destination_Rank field. A census block within 10 minutes of 3 stores would have 3 records in the Lines layer, but only one value in the summarized table, with a MAX_Destination_Rank field value of 3. This is the number of stores accessible to that census block in the 10 minutes measured, for walking and driving. These data were joined to the block centroids layer and given unique names. At this point, all blocks with zero population or null values in the MAX_Destination_Rank fields were given a store count of 0, to help the next step.</p><p style='margin:0in;'> </p><div style='font-family:inherit;'>Walkable and Drivable areas are calculated into a raster layer, using <a style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; text-decoration-line:none;' target='_blank' href='https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-analyst/natural-neighbor.htm' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Nearest Neighbor geoprocessing tool </a>on the count of stores within a 10 minute walk, and a count of stores within a ten minute drive, respectively. This tool uses a 200 meter grid and interpolates the values between each census block. A census tracts layer containing all water polygons "erased" from the census tract boundaries was used as an environment setting, to help constrain interpolation into/across bodies of water. The same layer use used to "shoreline" the Nearest Neighbor results, to eliminate any interpolation into the ocean or Great Lakes. This helped but was not perfect.</div></div></div><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:inherit; font-size:large;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'><strong>Notes and Limitations</strong></span></font></span></p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'>The map provides a baseline for discussing access to grocery stores in a city. It does not presume local population has the desire or means to walk or drive to obtain groceries. It does not take elevation gain or loss into account. It does not factor time of day nor weather, seasons, or other variables that affect a person"s commute choices. </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-stretch:inherit !important; margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important;'>Walking and driving are just two ways people get to a grocery store. Some people ride a bike, others take public transit, have groceries delivered, or rely on a friend with a vehicle. </span></span></p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'> </p><p style='font-family:inherit; margin:0in;'><span style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'>Thank you to Melinda Morang and Doug Sterling on the Network Analyst team for guidance and suggestions at key moments along the way; to Emily Meriam for reviewing the previous version of this map and creating new color palettes and marker symbols specific to this project. </span></p><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'><div style='margin-bottom:3rem;'><div><div style='display:inherit; max-width:100%; overflow:auto; padding-bottom:0.375rem;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'><div style='font-family:inherit;'> </div><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'><span style='font-family:inherit; font-size:large;'><span style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; line-height:1.5;'><strong>Additional Reading</strong></span></span></div><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'> </div><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'>The methods by which access to food is measured and reported have improved in the past decade or so, as has the uses of such measurements. Some relevant papers and articles are provided below as a starting point.</div><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:left; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'> </div><div style='background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(74, 74, 74); font-family:"Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;'><ul><li><p style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px 0px 1.5rem; text-align:left;'><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177314/' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Measuring Food Insecurity Using the Food Abundance Index: Implications for Economic, Health and Social Well-Being</a></p></li><li><p style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px 0px 1.5rem; text-align:left;'><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS556802/#:~:text=Food%20access%20has%20typically%20been,supermarket%20or%20large%20grocery%20store.' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>How to Identify Food Deserts: Measuring Physical and Economic Access to Supermarkets in King County, Washington</a></p></li><li><p style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px 0px 1.5rem; text-align:left;'><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=42729' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences</a></p></li><li><p style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px 0px 1.5rem; text-align:left;'><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2013/march/different-measures-of-food-access-inform-different-solutions' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Different Measures of Food Access Inform Different Solutions</a></p></li><li><p style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0px 0px 1.5rem; text-align:left;'><a style='border:0px solid currentcolor; box-sizing:border-box; color:rgb(0, 97, 155); font-family:inherit; line-height:1.5; text-decoration:none;' target='_blank' href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262487496_The_time_cost_of_access_to_food_-_Distance_to_the_grocery_store_as_measured_in_minutes' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>The time cost of access to food – Distance to the grocery store as measured in minutes</a><br /> </p></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
This layer contains all U.S. Census Bureau block centroids in the U.S. from the 2020 Census. It contains data for all 50 states, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Additional fields contain the number of grocery stores that can be reached within a 10 minute walk or drive as of September 2024.
U.S. Census Bureau, Esri
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groceryaccessaccessibilitywalkdrivewalkabledrivablevehiclePuerto Ricopolicydemographicspeople
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