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Description: Model Validation <div style="font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;">The "Model Validation" view on the Freshwater Explorer shows the predictive performance at reference sites that were used to develop PBC model. In the wetter and more forested areas, reference sites were more abundant and predictions are more precise. In the central U.S., fewer reference sites were available and predictions are more uncertain. In the grass and shrub lands east of the continental divide, measured SC was over-predicted by the model by more than 100 µS/cm at 5% of sites (yellow dots) and under-predicted by more than 100 µS/cm at 3% of sites (red dots). Calculated differences between measured and predicted SC are reported as residuals in pop-up boxes on this view. There are many potential causes for these differences, including data reporting errors and reference site reliability. Overall, the model explained most of the variation in SC and produced reasonably accurate predictions for both calibration data (Mean Absolute Error = 22 µS/cm, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.92, and Coefficient of Determination = 0.92) and external validation data (Mean Absolute Error = 29 µS/cm, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.87, and Coefficient of Determination = 0.87). Values reported as background only apply to streams and have not been validated for lakes or wetlands. More details can be found in Olson and Cormier (2019). References<ul><li>Hill, R.A., Weber, M.H., Leibowitz, M.H., Olsen, A.R., Thornbrugh, D.J., 2016. The Stream-Catchment (StreamCat) Dataset: A Database of Watershed Metrics for the Conterminous United States. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 52(1), 120-128. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12372" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12372</a></li><li>McKay, L., Bondelid, T., Dewald, T., Johnston, J., Moore, R., Rea, A., 2012. NHDPlus Version 2: User Guide. National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, Washington, DC. Available at: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://nctc.fws.gov/courses/references/tutorials/geospatial/CSP7306/Readings/NHDPlusV2_User_Guide.pdf</a></li><li>NASA, 2019. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. Available at: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/</a></li><li>Olson, J.R., Hawkins, C.P., 2012. Predicting natural base‐flow stream water chemistry in the western United States. Water Resources Research, 48(2). doi: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011088</a></li><li>Olson, J.R. and Cormier, S.M., 2019. Modeling spatial and temporal variation in natural background specific conductivity. Environmental Science and Technology. doi: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b0677</a>7</li><li>Olson, J.R. and Cormier, S.M., 2019. Modeling spatial and temporal variation in natural background specific conductivity: Data sets and R-code. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.23719/1500945" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/010.23719/1500945</a></li><li>Omernik, J. M.; Griffith, G. E., 2014. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework. Environmental. Management. 54 (6), 1249−1266. doi: <a style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0364-1</a></li><li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), 2016. STORET. Available at: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/storet/</a></li><li>U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2016. National Water Information System. Available at: <a href="https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=540abb1d015b4bd2b87d30f4c28a58cb&view=table" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis</a></li><li>Stoddard, J. L., Larsen, D. P., Hawkins, C. P., Johnson, R. K., Norris, R. H., 2006. Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams: the concept of reference condition. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16 (4), 1267−1276. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1267:SEFTEC]2.0.CO;2" style="color:rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1267:SEFTEC]2.0.CO;2</a></li></ul></div>

Copyright Text: Cormier, S. M., Wharton, C., and Olson, J.R.

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