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Description: <div><div><b>Description:</b> National Measured Dissolved Chloride Data derived from data stored in the U.S. EPA Water Quality Portal.</div><div><b>Data Date Range:</b> 01/2000 – 12/2023</div><div><b>Acquisition Date:</b> 1/25/2024</div><div><b>Query Links: </b><a href="https://www.waterqualitydata.us/#sampleMedia=Water&amp;characteristicName=Chloride&amp;startDateLo=01-01-2000&amp;startDateHi=12-31-2023&amp;mimeType=csv&amp;dataProfile=narrowResult&amp;providers=NWIS&amp;providers=STEWARDS&amp;providers=STORET" target="_blank">https://www.waterqualitydata.us/#sampleMedia=Water&amp;characteristicName=Chloride&amp;startDateLo=01-01-2000&amp;startDateHi=12-31-2023&amp;mimeType=csv&amp;dataProfile=narrowResult&amp;providers=NWIS&amp;providers=STEWARDS&amp;providers=STORET</a></div><div><b>Min. Value:</b> -1.05</div><div><b>Max. Value:</b> 2360000</div><div><b>Units in Source/Original Dataset:</b>  &lt;Null&gt;, %, % recovery, count, mg/kg, mg/l, mg/L, mg/l CaCO3**, mg/m2, mmol/L, None, NTU, ueq/L, ppm, umol, umol/L, ug/L, ug/l</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Background</b></div><div>Dissolved chloride in freshwater refers to chloride ions (Cl⁻) that are present in a dissolved state within water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/documents/chloride-aquatic-life-criteria-1988.pdf" target="_blank">USEPA 1988</a>). Chloride is a common anion (Cl⁻) found in various salts of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potasium (<a href="https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/How_salt_works_and_overview_of_deicing_chemicals" target="_blank">MPCA 2022</a>).  In freshwater environments, chloride can come from a variety of sources (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017101" target="_blank">Dugan et al. 2017</a>), including but not limited to:</div></div><div><ul><li>Natural Sources:</li><ul><li>Weathering of rocks and minerals.</li><li>Sea spray in coastal areas.</li><li>Volcanic activity.</li></ul><li>Anthropogenic Sources:</li><ul><li>Road de-icing salts </li><li>Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers.</li><li>Wastewater </li><li>Industrial processes and effluents.</li><li>Coal combustion</li></ul></ul></div><div>High levels of chloride can alter buffering of water resources, increase transport and bioavailability of metals, increase corrosion, and harm aquatic life (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017101" target="_blank">Dugan et al. 2017</a>; <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.8b04709" target="_blank">Pieper, et al. 2018</a>).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Disolved chloride in freshwater can be measured using various methods such as: ion chromatography (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/epa-300.1.pdf" target="_blank">USEPA 300.1</a>); automatic titration (<a href="https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/81377/c6541ded1cf14db9833072aa784a65aa/ASTM-D512-12.pdf" target="_blank">ASTM D512-12</a>),  and electrochemical sensors (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-9212-potentiometric-determination-chloride-aqueous-samples-ion" target="_blank">USEPA 1996-EPA SW-846 Test Method 9212</a>). Our Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures as well as the contributor’s laboratory processing and reporting procedures were used to summarize reported values. The WQP portal original dataset contains annotations for each sample to help understand the reliability of  flagged values in the dataset.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Dataset</b></div><div>This dataset focuses primarily on samples reported as dissolved chloride anions.  Unit conversions were normalized to mg/l as listed in <b>Table 1.</b> </div><div><br /></div><div>This dataset is a collection surface water dissolved chloride samples collected across the United States from 2000-2023 from the Water Quality Portal (WQP), which integrates publicly available water quality data from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) and the EPA Water Quality Exchange (WQX) Data Warehouse. These water quality data records are provided by many federal, state, and tribal organizations and other partners. Because these data are from secondary sources, the U.S. EPA cannot ensure that the information is accurate, current, or complete. Therefore, users should verify the data from the original sources before drawing site specific conclusions.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and Identified Issues</b></div><div>An automated Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) protocol was developed using a mix of Python and R-scripts to remove or identify potentially erroneous values (outliers) in WQP final value, reporting units, and sample lab notes. The quality of the WQP measured data was evaluated as follows.</div></div><div><div><ul><li>Generally – do not delete data. Add a screening/flagging column to keep track of decision-making to remove records/observations.</li><li>Review the geographic/temporal scope and data types of the acquired data to the project objectives—it might not be necessary to process all data from a given data set. Map stations in a GIS to further refine and select data based on analysis selection criteria: geographic area, watersheds, bounding box, waterbody type, etc. This also provides the opportunity to conduct quality assurance checks based on spatial location (e.g., are the “estuarine” sites located near the coast).</li><li>Flag values reported with units of measurements different than mg/L that have no conversion factor.</li><li>Convert all relevant dissolved chloride values to mg/L or flag values where there is no direct path for unit conversion Table 1.</li><li>Flag values outside of the known maximum and minimum (0 – 19000) ranges of dissolved chloride in freshwater systems (USEPA, 2022).</li><li>Review and flag samples identified in the WQP with sample processing issues (e.g., suspected contamination, exceeding sampling hold time) that don’t meet the requirements or thresholds of end use.</li><li>Flag samples based on the WAP’s Result Status Identifier denoting the sample was rejected based on WQP internal QA/QC processing of the data.</li><li>Check for flagged values in the ResultStatusIdentifier column by the Water Quality Portal that should not be used.</li><li>Summary statistics – Calculate basic statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, range, last measurement, maximum, minimum).</li></ul>Review and flag samples identified in the WQP with sample processing issues (e.g., suspected contamination, exceeding sampling hold time, no reported value, below reporting value). Many of the samples that met these criteria were already found and identified by WQP QA/QC data process.<br /></div></div><div style="text-align:center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="Table 1. Unit conversion to mg/L for measured dissolved chloride samples." src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pw/AP1GczNNsJ7LL1pA53YsJoAqW9loowEc1vtvieMcN60WRQXrL0GQQfCLwdmlTh1fGLbFFcVVIp61fQHhQ86jG9mE_FfRVuCa4LX3EvVbhp1Pq0fLiWt8i3GF22TvQm33YTkbZPS7CyWZ9TDfqTOEqPlgjTo9og=w728-h528-s-no-gm?authuser=0" /><br /></div><div style="text-align:center;">Table 1. Unit conversion to mg/L for measured dissolved chloride samples.<br /></div><div style="text-align:center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align:left;"><div>Examples of errors found include negative chloride values, units of measurements not consistent with chloride measurements (e.g., &lt;Null&gt;, %, % recovery, count, mg/kg, mg/l, mg/L, mg/l CaCO3**, mg/m2, mmol/L, None, NTU, ueq/L, ppm, umol, umol/L, ug/L, ug/l) <b>Table 1</b>, and values well above known dissolved chloride ranges in freshwater systems (&lt;19,000 mg/L) (USEPA, 2022). Users should verify the data from the original sources before drawing site specific conclusions. Individual contributing organizations can still be found in the final and original datasets if the end user would like to filter for only specific sampling partners.</div><div><br /></div><div>The resulting dataset is presented as summarized collection of information for each unique sampling location and the original data flagging process helps to exclude unreliable and errant values from the final statistics. The R code developed to perform the QA/QC steps are available from <a href="mailto:cormier.susan@epa.gov" target="_blank">cormier.susan@epa.gov</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Terms of Use</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Freshwater Explorer Data Disclaimer</b></div><div>This data is intended for exploratory and discussion purposes. Although statutory provisions and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations contain legally binding requirements, these data and related information are not regulatory, nor do they change or substitute for any provisions or regulations. The information does not substitute for the Clean Water Act, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit, or EPA or state regulations applicable to permits; nor is this material a permit or regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states, tribes, or the regulatory community. This information does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations on any member of the public. Mention of any trade names, products, or services is not and should not be interpreted as conveying official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.</div><div><br /></div><div>While EPA has used its best efforts to include complete and accurate information in this system, EPA cannot be held responsible for errors or omissions and is not liable for any direct, indirect, or consequential damages resulting from using this secondary information. Some potential sources of error have been assessed by the U.S. EPA resulting in the removal of some samples from the original data sets. However, all sources of potential error cannot be eliminated from the measured data reported in the Freshwater Explorer or the data used to develop predictive models. Therefore, the U.S. EPA cannot fully ensure either the original data or the values calculated from them. Conclusions and assessments drawn from the use of the Freshwater Explorer are the responsibility of the user.</div><div><br /></div><div>Please check sources, scale, accuracy, dates, and other available information. Please confirm that you are using the most recent copy of both data and metadata. Reliance on the information contained in this system by any party cannot be used as a defense in any administrative or judicial proceeding.</div><div><br /></div><div>This dataset may be revised periodically. EPA can revise this dataset without public notice to reflect changes in EPA policy, guidance, and advancements in the field of biological assessments. EPA welcomes public input on this document at any time. Send comments to FreshwaterExplorer@epa.gov, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Preferred citation:</b> Leppo, E., Wharton, C., and Cormier. S. 2024. U.S. EPA Freshwater Explorer v2 national measured dissolved calcium metadata and dataset. USEPA. <a href="https://arcg.is/0OuDn80" target="_blank">https://arcg.is/0OuDn80</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Original data sources: </b></div><div>USEPA. 2023. Source data set for National Measured Dissolved Chloride Data derived from data stored in the U.S. EPA Water Quality Portal. Accessible at: <a href="https://www.waterqualitydata.us/#sampleMedia=Water&amp;characteristicName=Chloride&amp;startDateLo=01-01-2000&amp;startDateHi=12-31-2023&amp;mimeType=csv&amp;dataProfile=narrowResult&amp;providers=NWIS&amp;providers=STEWARDS&amp;providers=STORET" target="_blank">https://www.waterqualitydata.us/#sampleMedia=Water&amp;characteristicName=Chloride&amp;startDateLo=01-01-2000&amp;startDateHi=12-31-2023&amp;mimeType=csv&amp;dataProfile=narrowResult&amp;providers=NWIS&amp;providers=STEWARDS&amp;providers=STORET</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>References</div><div>ASTM. Draft Standard Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water. D512 – 12. <a href="https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/81377/c6541ded1cf14db9833072aa784a65aa/ASTM-D512-12.pdf" target="_blank">https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/81377/c6541ded1cf14db9833072aa784a65aa/ASTM-D512-12.pdf</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dugan, H.A., Summers, J.C., Skaff, N.K., Krivak-Tetley, F.E., Doubek, J.P., Burke, S.M., Bartlett, S.L., Arvola, L., Jarjanazi, H., Korponai, J. and Kleeberg, A., 2017. Long-term chloride concentrations in North American and European freshwater lakes. Scientific Data, 4(1), pp.1-11. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017101" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017101</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>MPCA. 2024. Minnesota Stormwater Manual website. How salt works and overview of deicing chemicals. Level 2 - Pollutants/ChlorideLevel 2 - Management/Winter management. <a href="https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/How_salt_works_and_overview_of_deicing_chemicals" target="_blank">https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/How_salt_works_and_overview_of_deicing_chemicals</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pieper, K.J., Tang, M., Jones, C.N., Weiss, S., Greene, A., Mohsin, H., Parks, J. and Edwards, M.A., 2018. Impact of road salt on drinking water quality and infrastructure corrosion in private wells. Environmental science &amp; technology, 52(24), pp.14078-14087. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.8b04709" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.8b04709</a></div><div><br /></div><div>USEPA. 1988. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chloride-1988. Office of Water. EPA 44015-88-001. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/documents/chloride-aquatic-life-criteria-1988.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/documents/chloride-aquatic-life-criteria-1988.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>USEPA. 1999. Pfaff, J., and Hautman, D. Method 300.1:  Determination of inorganic anions in drinking water by ion. Revision 1.0. Office of Research and Development. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/epa-300.1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/epa-300.1.pdf</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>USEPA. 1996. SW-846 Test Method 9212: Potentiometric Determination of Chloride in Aqueous Samples with Ion-Selective Electrode, Part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (pdf). <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-12/documents/9212.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-12/documents/9212.pdf</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>USEPA. 2022. National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2023 - 2024: Laboratory Operations Manual. EPA841-B-22-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-06/NRSA2324_LOM_v1.0.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-06/NRSA2324_LOM_v1.0.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div>

Copyright Text: Water Quality Portal. Washington (DC): National Water Quality Monitoring Council, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); 2021. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QRKUVJ. National Water Quality Monitoring Council, 2024, Water Quality Portal, accessed 01, 25, 2024, https://www.waterqualitydata.us/#sampleMedia=Water&characteristicName=Chloride&startDateLo=01-01-2000&startDateHi=12-31-2023&mimeType=csv&dataProfile=narrowResult&providers=NWIS&providers=STEWARDS&providers=STORET, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QRKUVJ.

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